As part of national security, food security greatly matters national economic and social development strategy. The peasants is the economic main body of realizing food security. The peasant issue is the core of questions of “Who will grow grain” and “how to grow”, which is the root issue impacting food security in relation to the overall national economy, stable grain production and harmony and stability of rural society. Emphasis, research and solution on the peasant issue is the task of the time that runs through the process of China’s reform and opening up and social modernization. Issues on land, income, power, development and vocational training are the five dimensions of correctly understanding the peasant issue. The basic measures are to return land property to peasants under law, to increase peasants’ income, to construct all-around peasants’ rights system, to comprehensively promote peasant’s development capability and to accelerate the nurture of new-type vocational peasants.