Based on the digital logistics level index and the modernization level index of agricultural product circulation in 30 provinces across China from 2013 to 2023, this paper tests the transmission mechanism and spatial effects of how digital logistics influence the modernization level of agricultural product circulation, and explores the development path for promoting the modernization of agricultural product circulation. The findings indicate that: ( 1 ) The development of digital logistics significantly enhances the modernization level of agricultural product circulation, exhibiting a pronounced positive spatial spillover effect. ( 2 ) Mechanism analysis reveals that innovation in agricultural product sales channels plays a partial mediating role in this process, with this effect showing heterogeneity across China’s eastern, central, and western regions. (3) The level of digital inclusive finance exhibits a single threshold effect in moderating the impact of digital logistics on circulation modernization. From a spatial effects perspective, this research constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system based on the frontier theory of digital logistics, thereby offering a novel analytical dimension for understanding how digital logistics empowers the modernization of agricultural product circulation. The study provides insights for developing the circulation industry, fostering digital transformation, cultivating new quality productive forces, and accelerating Chinese modernization.