Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has delivered a series of important statements on upholding and implementing the “Two Unswerving Principles” (i. e. , unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector, and unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public sector ), and put forward new ideas, viewpoints, and conclusions. These statements not only uphold and develop Marxist theories on ownership but also provide fundamental theoretical guidance for correctly handling the relationship between the public and non-public sectors in the new era, invigorating all types of market entities, and promoting complementary strengths and common development among different forms of ownership. Currently, upholding and implementing the “ Two Unswerving Principles” still faces a series of issues and obstacles, which constrain the vitality of various economic actors. During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, guided by the important discourse of General Secretary Xi Jinping, it is imperative to further consolidate the dominant position of the public sector, deepen the reform of state-owned assets and enterprises, and strengthen new forms of collective economy in rural areas. At the same time, it is essential to fully implement the Private Sector Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China to remove barriers to factor acquisition, establish a unified national market, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of private enterprises. Through measures such as industrial collaboration, improving the division of labor along innovation chains, and deepening mixed-ownership reforms, further efforts are needed to promote complementary advantages and collaborative innovation between the public and non-public sectors, jointly propelling the development of a modern industrial system and the advancement of new quality productive forces.