Constructing a modern industrial system requires development to be smarter, more eco-friendly, and more integrated. Addressing the imperatives and interrelationships of these three directions, this paper employs Marx’s theory of large-scale machine industry as an analytical framework to explain their developmental necessity and reveal their synergistic logic—where all three mutually reinforce one another, with integration serving as the practical vehicle for implementation. Drawing on mission-oriented state theory, this paper analyzes the core contradictions in China’ s modern industrial system development, notably the coexistence of “strong tangible manufacturing and weak intangible knowledge control” and the “ trilemma of high computing power, high energy consumption, and low emissions”. Building on this foundation and in accordance with the principle of integrating a capable government with an efficient market, this paper proposes a policy support system for developing a modern industrial system under these three orientations. The policy recommendations focus on optimizing collaborative networks between entrepreneurial governments and diverse actors, combining policy tools such as innovation finance and technical standards, and improving safeguard mechanisms including dynamic evaluation and the marketization of data factors.