The current international and domestic situation poses higher demands on China’ s food security. The northeastern region is an important national grain production base, and its grain production capacity is di- rectly related to national food security. From a systematic research perspective, this paper defines the basic con- notations of food security from four dimensions: quantity safety, quality safety, ecological safety, and industrial safety. It further points out that grain production in the northeast region strongly promotes food security in differ- ent dimensions in terms of the amount of arable land, black soil resources, climatic conditions, and the level of mechanization. However, at the same time, this region is also facing the dilemmas of loss of rural labor, degra- dation of black soil resources, and insufficient financial support. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the com- prehensive grain production capacity of the northeast region by increasing the supply of rural labor, protecting black soil resources, and stimulating the main responsibility of the government, so as to consolidate the corner- stone of national food security.