New quality productive forces have injected new momentum into the transformation of modern in-dustrial systems and are particularly important for building a modern industrial system with integrity, advancectechnology, and security. This paper uses provincial panel data from 2013 to 2022 and applies spatial data anal-ysis to examine the spatial-temporal characteristics of new quality productive forces and modern industrial systems. It also investigates the impact of developing new quality productive forces on the construction of modernindustrial systems from the perspectives of direct effects and spatial spillover effects. The findings show thatthere is a significant positive spatial correlation and noticeable positive spatial spillover effects among provincialnew quality productive forces and modern industrial systems. The construction of modern industrial systems ex.hilbits significant path dependence, characterized by strong inertia. In terms of direct effects, developing newquality productive forees significantly promotes the construction of modern industrial systems in both nationwvideand regional analyses, with the most pronoumced elfect in the eastern region, followed by the central region , andthe least in the western region. Regarding spatial spillover effects, in the national and easterm region analysesthe spatial spillover of new quality productive forces has a “ suction” effect on surrounding regional resources andthe development of new quality productive forces in a given region significantly inhibits the modern industrialsystems of neighboring areas. However, the situation is completely opposite in the central and western regions.where the promoting elfect is not significant. Based on the above conclusions, the study provides new insightsfor relevant policy-making.