New quality productive forces represent an innovation and development of Marxist productivity theory. From the perspective of political economy, research has found that compared with traditional productive forces, new quality productive forces not only achieve quantitative accumulation and qualitative leaps in innovation and efficiency, but also endow productivity with a new ecological value connotation for sustainable development from the aspect of ecological environmental protection, driving profound changes in production relations and factors. In the new era, laborers, labor objects, and labor means have undergone technological transformation, and the combination of production materials and laborers shows innovative development. The formation and development of new quality productive forces not only constitute an innovation and continuation of Marxist productivity development theory, an expansion of the connotation of factor theory, but also enrich the theory of ecological product value. This achievement realizes the deep integration of Marxist political economy with Chinese practices and contributes Chinese wisdom and demonstrative solutions to global economic development. Based on this, the critical focus points for developing new quality productive forces lie in forging a team of highly qualified talents, laying the foundation for new industries, establishing a scientific and technological innovation system for the new era, and fostering a digital, intelligent, and green economy.