According to the Monitoring and Investigation Report on Migrant Workers in 2022, the new generation of migrant workers accounts for more than half of the total number of migrant workers. They live and work in cities for a long time and are one of the main groups engaged in the gig economy. Taking the social protection of the new generation of migrant workers under the gig economy as the research object, this paper introduces the connotation and characteristics of the gig economy, adopts the survey research method, and according to the survey results, combs the current situation of the social protection of the new generation of migrant workers under the gig economy from four aspects of labor contract signing, labor process, welfare and social insurance, and points out the main problems. Furthermore, the influencing factors are analyzed from four aspects: the “de-labor relationship” employment model and insufficient employment safety; “flexible and diverse employment forms” and structural imbalance in social security supply; “decentralization” of employment platforms and difficulty in safeguarding employment rights; difficulty in organizing and constructing trade unions and blocked channels for expressing interests. In order to implement the concept of shared development, achieve common prosperity, and build harmonious labor relations, we should further improve relevant laws and regulations, standardize the employment model of gig economy, innovate the social insurance system, safeguard social security rights and interests, increase supervision, strengthen the responsibility of employment platforms, improve the construction of trade union organizations, and innovate the way of rights protection services.