How is it possible to closely combine high-quality population development with high-quality people’s lives is a further academic inquiry into Chinese modernization. The theoretical basis of closely combining high-quality population development with high-quality people’s lives lies in the dialectical unity between the two, where high-quality population development is an important support for high-quality people’s lives, and high-quality people’s lives are the value orientation for high-quality population development. The advantage of China in closely combining high-quality population development with high-quality people’s lives lies in the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the unity and hard work of the whole people. The reality challenge of closely combining high-quality population development with high-quality people’s lives lies in managing the profit-seeking nature and commodification of capital, resolving the tension between the universal and specific needs of the people, and integrating limited resources and multiple tasks. The practical approach of closely combining high-quality population development with high-quality people’s lives lies in adhering to a systemic perspective, closely integrating long-term balanced population development with improving people’s well-being, closely integrating the enhancement of comprehensive quality of the population with the comprehensive development of individuals, and closely integrating overall planning for population development with promoting common prosperity for all people.