Based on balanced panel data from 2012 to 2017 across 30 provinces in China, this study employs the DEA-Malmquist index method to measure regional environmental governance efficiency. Subsequently, a spatial Durbin model is constructed to empirically analyze the efficiency of regional environmental governance and its influencing factors under the drive of technological innovation. The study finds that: the efficiency of environmental governance exhibits a decreasing spatial pattern of “east-middle-west-northeast”, indicating a need for overall improvement in governance efficiency. Furthermore, there are significant spillover effects on environmental governance efficiency. Both technological input and innovation levels have a significant negative impact on environmental governance efficiency. Additionally, environmental investment, environmental regulation, industrial structure, and degree of openness to foreign markets also significantly influence environmental governance efficiency.