Based on the background of the “Belt and Road” initiative and taking China-Africa agricultural trade as the research point, the total volume, the structure of trade commodities, and the structure of trade markets of China-Africa agricultural trade were systematically analyzed. By analyzing the competitiveness and complementarity of agricultural products of important agricultural trading partners in China and Africa, factors affecting ChinaAfrica agricultural trade were explored, and the trade potential of agricultural products between China and 24 major African countries in 2018 was estimated. The empirical evidence shows that, on the whole, the international competitiveness of China-Africa agricultural products is relatively weak, and the commodity structure of China-Africa agricultural trade still needs to be optimized and adjusted. The level of domestic economic development, the geographical distance, and the Forum on ChinaAfrica Cooperation of China and African countries all have an important impact on the agricultural trade between China and Africa. The trade potential of agricultural products between China and Africa presents great potential, pioneering potential, and re-modeling potential, and the proportion of countries with great potential is higher. The market space for China-Africa agricultural products trade needs to be further explored. Finally, countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to promote the development of China-Africa agricultural products trade, such as strengthening policy and cultural communication with African countries, accelerating the construction of China-Africa connectivity, enhancing the level of trade facilitation in African countries, promoting the upgrading of the modes and diversification of the contents of China-Africa agricultural cooperation, and focusing on the development of agricultural products trade with African countries.