The development of strategic emerging industries cannot be separated from the government’s support and guidance.Based on the relevant theoretical analysis and the panel data of 16 prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province from 2010 to 2019,this paper empirically analyzed the impact of fiscal decentralization on the development of strategic emerging industries by using the stepwise regression method.The results show that fiscal decentralization promotes the development of strategic emerging industries,but can inhibit environmental regulation,which leads to the government’s failure to play an adequate role in the development of strategic emerging industries and causes the strategic emerging industry development to be impaired.However,in terms of comprehensive effect,fiscal decentralization can still promote the development of strategic emerging industries.Based on this,the paper puts forward some policy suggestions,such as deepening the reform of fiscal decentralization system,improving the intensity of environmental regulation and perfecting the incentive and examination mechanism and so on.