The issue of children’s education in the process of their growth has always been the core concern of society. Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2014, this paper uses the ordinary least square regression and the propensity score matching method to analyze the influence of family structure deficiency, especially the formation of single parent families, on the children’s education. The results show that compared with the intact family, the formation of single parent family is not conducive to children’s education acquisition，that education level of guardians and the improvement of family economic level can, to a certain extent, alleviate this adverse effect but cannot eliminate it,that singleparent families have greater negative effects on male children’s education than that of female children,and that compared with singlefather families, singlemother families could significantly promote the acquisition of education of female children. The conclusions of this study have important implications for improving the quality of children’s education of the families, especially singleparent families.