Based on provincial panel data of Yangtze River Economic Belt during 2004-2014, this paper empirically tests the influence of market structure and ownership structure of the construction industry of Yangtze River Economic Belt on market performance. Research results indicate that from the perspective of market structure, there is significantly negative correlation between market concentration degree and excessive production capacity of construction industry and market performance, that the effect of scale market share on market performance is not significant, that from the perspective of ownership structure, there is significantly negative correlation between the proportion of output value of state-owned enterprises and market performance, and that there is obviously positive correlation between industrialization degree and market performance of construction industry.