Marx’s Relative Surplus Population Theory has enlightening significance for the analysis of unemployment problem in China at present. There are both similarities and differences between capitalist relative surplus population and unemployment population in China. The differences are the root cause, covering sphere, effect, recognition degree of solving unemployment problem by government, influence on labors. In China the employment situation is grim and the unemployment problem is prominent. Positive employment policies should be carried out; the market mechanism effect of labor force should be given full play; nonpublic economy should be developed rapidly; economy should be kept growing stably; entrepreneurship and innovation should be encouraged.