Constructing the identification system of Chinese civilization is an important goal proposed by the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and a crucial component of the Party’s propaganda, ideological, and cultural work in the new era. Chinese civilization identification can be understood from multiple levels such as spiritual identification, symbolic representation, material civilization identification, and non-material civilization identification, forming a relatively complete system. The importance and necessity of constructing this system lie in its being an inevitable requirement for advancing the “second combination” (the combination of Marxism with the excellent traditional Chinese culture), an inherent demand for promoting cultural inheritance and development, an urgent need for boosting Chinese-style modernization, an intrinsic requirement for strengthening the consciousness of the Chinese national community, a significant manifestation of enhancing cultural confidence, and an era demand for promoting exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations. In the future, we must adhere to the guidance of Xi Jinping’s cultural thought, consolidate the subjectivity of Chinese culture, deepen the reform of cultural systems and mechanisms, and further construct the identification system of Chinese civilization.