Improving the modernization of industrial and supply chains is a key task for upgrading the economic system. Firstly, the paper defines the connotation of the modernization of industrial chain and supply chain, and constructs a comprehensive evaluation index system according to its connotation. Then, the paper studies the distribution dynamics, regional differences and spatial convergence of the modernization level of the industrial chain and supply chain from 2011 to 2020. The results show that the modernization level of China’s industrial chain and supply chain presents a step-shaped spatial distribution feature of “high in the east and low in the west”. The differences in modernization level of regional industrial chain and supply chain mainly come from inter-regional differences, and inter-regional differences mainly come from east-central and east-west regional differences. The modernization level of industrial chain and supply chain in the whole country and each region has no obvious σ convergence in space, but there are significant absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence in the whole country and each region, indicating that each region is developing towards its own stable state. Finally, according to the research results, the paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for upgrading the modernization level of the industrial chain and supply chain.