China’s current anti-poverty strategy has gradually broken through the simple relief poverty alleviation and turned to development-oriented poverty alleviation. This transformation is in line with the development-oriented asset construction concept. Based on the developmental social work and asset construction theory, this paper analyzes the compatibility between social work and rural poverty alleviation. In addition, the paper also explores poverty alleviation practices that social work help villagers accumulate capital (economic capital, social capital, cultural capital) based on the analysis of first hand materials. The research shows that the social work of development-oriented assets construction plays the unique role in the practice of rural poverty alleviation, but there are still some problems and dilemmas in it, which need the improvement and perfection from the perspective of system, policy and so on.