Both Bukharin and Gramsci are the leaders of the Communist Party and Marxist theorists, ever worked in the Communist International, so they have similar or the same altitude towards cultural leadership. Bukharin and Gramsci had different historical circumstances and took different historic missions, so their concrete reflection and opinions on the cultural leadership are not completely the same. This recognized difference is mainly embodied in the real methods to obtain the cultural leadership. The comparison of the ideology of cultural leadership between Bukharin and Gramsci helps to study the core problem of the cultural leadership and to rethink the historical experiences in Chinese ideological construction.