International comparison study of the government’s responsibilities for rural elderly pension is of important reference significance to the really positioning and perfecting of Chinese Government’s responsibilities. This article comparatively analyzes the difference of government responsibility in different types of elderly pension systems in the world from the perspective of international comparison with government responsibility difference in rural elderly pension system, and the research results show that Chinese Government does not take sufficient responsibility in the perspective of related legislation, system design, financial support, institutional supervision and so on in China’s rural elderly pension system, and finally gives policy suggestions for perfecting the responsibility of Chinese Government. 