Any theory comes from practice and the value of any theory lies in its guidance of practice. The political eco- nomics of Marxism, which reflects capitalism production mode and its suitable production relation and exchange relation which was born in the 1830s—1840s and was ripe in the 1870s, faces the challenge in the new era. Under the premise of the basic framework of political economics theory of Marxism, the contents which political economics of Marxism studies should be enlarged,deepened and detailed in order to meet the demand of the era.