Objective To address the issues of high computational complexity slow speed and the requirement for a large number of keys in traditional image encryption algorithms an asymmetric encryption scheme guided by the combination of Logistic mapping and histogram features is proposed. Methods During the encryption process peak and valley points from the image histogram were extracted to serve as private keys. Two chaotic sequences were generated using Logistic mapping to guide the grayscale encryption and scrambling encryption of image pixels respectively. Pixel backward diffusion was performed concurrently with the grayscale encryption. During scrambling encryption the image was first divided into blocks according to the size key and then the internal pixels of each block were translated horizontally or vertically. Results Encryption and decryption tests were carried out on multiple grayscale and color images. The security of the scheme was verified from various classic attack perspectives. It was found that the scheme had a good encryption effect on image content and fully preserved the quality and visual effects of the images. Additionally compared with other comparison algorithms the entropy value of the images encrypted by this scheme was closer to 8. Conclusion By incorporating nonlinear chaotic operations and utilizing the image?? s inherent information as keys this scheme not only simplifies the computational process and increases the complexity of the encryption algorithm but also automates the private key design during encryption thereby eliminating the need for manual key design. This approach significantly enhances encryption efficiency.