With the continuous improvement of the people’s living level, especially the change of environment and dietary structure (taking more oil of animals and plants), the incidence of the diseases such as cancer, hyperlipemia, diabetes, obesity and so on is significantly rising, as a result, a series of the new-style fatty acids such as deep sea fish oil, linseed oil, walnut kernel oil and pepper seed oil, which have healthcare and disease-prevention role and whose main components are unsaturated fatty acids with the function of anticancer, antilipemia, and antiinflammation and so on, have been developed one another at home and abroad. This paper reviews the classification, sources, anticancer role and physiological role of the polyunsaturated fatty acids with special biological activities in edible fatty acids.