The Central Financial Work Conference in 2023 introduced the “Five Priorities” of the financial sector, namely technology finance, green finance, inclusive finance, pension finance, and digital finance. This initiative marks a new stage in China’s financial development, one guided by multidimensional social missions. First, this paper traces the narrative evolution of financial missions within the framework of modern mainstream economics. The trajectory begins with the classical view of monetary neutrality, proceeds to the micromacro dual framework grounded in Keynesian monetary nonneutrality theory, then moves to macroeconomic regulation tools targeting growth, employment, and inflation, and finally arrives at the “domainperspective economics” paradigm embedded in specific social domains. This evolution highlights the growing social attributes of finance. Second, this paper analyzes the underlying logic through which monetary and financial functions have shifted from enhancing economic efficiency to promoting social welfare. It argues that the “Five Priorities” essentially represent a systematic expansion of financial functions in serving broad social objectives in the new era, thereby laying a practically coherent institutional foundation for the extension of the “social finance” domain. Finally, grounded in the context of Chinese modernization, this paper explores the dialectical relationship between spontaneous market forces and constructive policy guidance in financial development. It proposes that delivering on the “Five Priorities” requires a synergistic alignment of adaptive efficiency with social objectives. In this process, enterprise innovation driven by social responsibility is of critical importance. Meanwhile, crossStrait financial collaboration based on shared concerns can make a unique contribution to this grand social finance practice.