Against the backdrop of the accelerating global digitalization process, a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is reshaping the competitive landscape, presenting enterprises with challenges such as accelerated technological iteration and volatile market environments. Under these circumstances, building organizational resilience has become a key path for enterprises to cope with uncertainties and seize development opportunities. Organizational resilience encompasses two dimensions: “rebound resilience”, which emphasizes an enterprise’s ability to maintain operational stability under shocks, and “outrun resilience”, which focuses on the potential for achieving beyond-the-status-quo development. Although existing research has recognized the enabling role of data factors in building enterprise resilience, most studies focus narrowly on isolated aspects such as data aggregation, sharing, or application. There remains a lack of systematic mechanistic analysis and empirical testing regarding how comprehensive policies that promote synergistic advancement across the entire data chain can drive organizational resilience. The establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones offers a favorable quasi-natural experimental setting to investigate this issue. This paper regards the establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones as an exogenous shock and empirically examines its impact on enterprise organizational resilience using the difference-in-differences method based on A-share listed company data from 2012 to 2023. Through a series of robustness tests including parallel trend tests, placebo tests, PSM-DID matching, and random forest regression in machine learning, the reliability of the research conclusions is ensured. The empirical process also examines the mediating mechanisms of enterprise digital transformation and agile responsiveness, and analyzes the moderating effects of internal and external factors such as environmental uncertainty, executive innovation awareness, industry concentration, and enterprise market power. The empirical study finds that the establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones significantly enhances enterprise organizational resilience. This promoting effect is mainly achieved through two paths: first, by promoting enterprise digital transformation and converting data elements into resource reconfiguration capabilities; second, by enhancing enterprise agile responsiveness and improving the ability to quickly adapt to market changes. At the same time, the establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones is context-dependent. Environmental uncertainty weakens the policy’s incentive effect, while executive innovation awareness, industry concentration, and enterprise market power play a positive reinforcing role. Additionally, the impact of the establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises, high-tech industries, and technology-intensive enterprises. Compared with previous literature, this paper makes the following extensions: First, it reveals the causal mechanism of how the establishment of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zones, as a comprehensive policy, affects enterprise organizational resilience from the perspective of institutional economics, enriching research in the field of data policies. Second, it breaks through the limitations of traditional single-path explanations and examines the dual mediating roles of digital transformation and agile responsiveness. Third, it systematically analyzes the moderating effects of internal and external contextual factors on policy effectiveness, providing new insights into the differentiated effects of policies. This provides both theoretical references and practical guidance for governments to optimize big data policies and for enterprises to enhance their resilience-building capabilities.