The deep integration of real economy and digital economy is an inevitable requirement for grasping the major trend of the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, and for promoting high-quality development and Chinese-style modernization. In the context of the current globalization backlash and the increasing threat of “decoupling and chain breakage” in some countries, can the integration of real economy and digital economy help to improve the resilience of China’s supply chain? Based on a complex network model, this paper uses the strongest-relationship path method to quantitatively measure the degree of industrial integration of real economy and digital economy. It also constructs a measurement system for supply-chain resilience using data from 1,701 Chinese listed enterprises from 2016 to 2020. Empirical tests have revealed that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the degree of industrial real-digital integration and enterprise supply chain resilience. At present, this integration mainly plays a role in enhancing supply chain resilience. This inverted U-shaped relationship is regulated by the characteristics of the external environment of the enterprise, and is enhanced or weakened with the changes in different attributes and different levels of the environment. The relationship between real-digital integration and supply chain resilience is heterogeneously influenced by firm size, industry characteristics, and the regions where enterprises are located. The above research conclusions provide new evidence for exploring the impact of the degree of integration of the real economy and the digital economy on supply chain resilience. The conclusions suggest that at the policy level, strategies for promoting the integration of the real economy and the digital economy should be formulated based on enterprise characteristics, the enterprise external environment should be optimized, and coordinated development among the eastern, central, and western regions should be promoted. The findings suggest that policies should be formulated based on enterprise characteristics, with the aim of promoting real-digital integration, thereby optimizing the external business environment and ultimately fostering coordinated development across the eastern, central, and western regions.