Against the backdrop of a complex global landscape characterized by the restructuring of political order and overlapping economic risks, “Two Coordinations”—namely, coordinating development and security, and balancing domestic economic priorities with international economic and trade dynamics—serve as a fundamental principle in China’s strategic layout of productive forces. The development of national strategic hinterlands represents a concrete spatial practice in implementing the “Two Coordinations”. Based on the new state spatial theory, this paper explores the policy logic, core tasks, and implementation pathways for building national strategic hinterlands. The essence of building national strategic hinterlands is the manifestation of state spatial selectivity in the layout of productive forces. It is a spatial restructuring strategy that takes the “hinterland” as the spatial orientation and industries as the object of reconstruction. This strategy aims to guide the transfer and distribution of industries, capital, and labor to the inland hinterlands in central and western China, and it exhibits typical characteristics of “state spatial selectivity”. In historical logic, the establishment of national strategic hinterlands is an inevitable choice for coordinating development and security in the current domestic and international environment. It represents a historical inheritance of China’s experience in major productive force layout. In practical logic, the construction of national strategic hinterlands is an important strategy for achieving the “Two Coordinations”, which is manifested in two aspects. Firstly, through the decentralized industrial layout and industrial chain backup, it can ensure the security of industrial spatial layout and the autonomy and controllability of the supply chain. Secondly, by transferring industries to the hinterland and arranging major productive forces there, it can promote balanced regional development and high-quality national development. From the perspective of the “center-hinterland” spatial relationship, the core tasks of the construction of national strategic hinterlands involve three progressive spatial functions: “hinterlands supporting centers”, “hinterlands replicating centers”, and “hinterlands driving centers”. National strategic hinterlands correspondingly undertake three core tasks: strategic resource reserve, critical industry backup, and new quality industry integration. On this basis, it is necessary to select the locations to host the national strategic hinterland according to scientific criteria, and Sichuan can be used as a model for building the national strategic hinterland. To transform the spatial vision of national strategic hinterlands into reality, efforts must focus on both institutional frameworks and policy resources. First, the institutional architecture for implementing national strategic hinterlands must be refined. Second, policy support for “human resources, finances, and materials” must be provided to facilitate hinterland development. Additionally, it is crucial to ensure the seamless integration of new spatial arrangements with the existing national spatial system and strengthen the coordination and continuity of major productive forces layout between the 14th and 15th Five-Year Plan periods.