This study systematically investigates the evolutionary logic of enterprise organizational forms and responsibility behaviors in the modern market economy. Adopting a “domain-perspective” approach, it constructs a three?dimensional analytical framework that integrates rationality, culture, and institutions to explain the diversification of enterprise behavioral patterns and the profound transformations behind them. This transformation necessitates a shift in the narrative system of economics itself—from the conventional “micro?macro” paradigm to a “domain?perspective” paradigm. The orientation of enterprises toward market adaptation has evolved from pure self?interest toward a necessary concern for ecological health and societal impact. Accordingly, this paper proposes that the modern market economy has differentiated into three major “domain types” of enterprises: the “Economic?Man Enterprise”, the “Responsible Enterprise”, and the “Social Enterprise”. This typology reflects an expansion of enterprise behavioral logic from “individual rationality” to “collective rationality”. Building on this foundation, the paper further focuses on the socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. In practice, China’s enterprise system has developed a distinctive logic of corporate behavior, embodying a national characteristic of “socialized collective rationality”. Moreover, enterprise behaviors that balance self?interest and altruism will increasingly be guided by data?driven scientific procedures (algorithms), making technological?governance capability an integral part of core corporate responsibility. The profound transformation of enterprise forms and responsibility behaviors in the modern market economy signals that the traditional mainstream economic narrative system, built on “purist thinking”, is now shifting toward a domain?perspective economic paradigm characterized by “community thinking”.