With the intertwined fusion of globalization and informatization, the development of productivity is no longer confined to technological innovation or management optimization within a single enterprise but is increasingly embodied in collaborative innovation within the macro framework of supply chains. As the core link connecting enterprises, whether supply chains can generate a spillover effect on upstream and downstream enterprises in the development of new quality productive forces through “linkage” is not only related to the coordination of development among enterprises within the same supply chain but also directly related to the enhancement of overall new quality productive forces level and international competitiveness. Discussing this topic is of great significance. Based on theoretical analysis, this paper empirically tests the spillover effect of new quality productive forces in supply chains using A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2022 as samples. The study finds that there is a supply chain spillover effect in the development of new quality productive forces in enterprises. The development of new quality productive forces in behavioral enterprises (spillover party) can promote the development of new quality productive forces in target enterprises (spillover-receiving party, that is, the upstream suppliers and downstream customers of the behavioral enterprises). The intensity of this effect is related to factors such as the frequency of cooperation between behavioral enterprises and target enterprises, the bargaining power and growth potential of behavioral enterprises, and the absorption and transformation capacity of target enterprises. Specifically, when the cooperation frequency between behavioral enterprises and target enterprises is higher, the bargaining power and growth potential of behavioral enterprises are stronger, and the absorption and transformation capacity of target enterprises is stronger, the supply chain spillover effect of the development of new quality productive forces is more significant. This indicates that the supply chain spillover of the development of new quality productive forces in enterprises is a “two-way” process. Mechanism analysis shows that the development of new quality productive forces in behavioral enterprises can generate a supply chain spillover effect by reducing the supply-demand coordination costs of target enterprises, and the reduction of the supply-demand coordination costs of target enterprises can strengthen the supply chain spillover effect of the development of new quality productive forces. The research conclusions of this paper deepen the understanding of the diffusion mechanism of the development of new quality productive forces and its influencing factors, and also provide enlightenment for policymakers and enterprise managers. Efforts should be made to reduce the transaction costs of economic connections among supply chain enterprises, enhance the bargaining power, growth ability, and absorption and transformation capabilities of enterprises, so as to give full play to the supply chain spillover effect of the development of new quality productive forces and accelerate the overall leap of new quality productive forces of enterprises.