As an important manifestation of micro-enterprise behavior in the era of the digital economy, digital transformation has become an important way and means for most enterprises to transform and upgrade traditional kinetic energy, improve production and operation processes, change the existing organizational structure and management model, and enhance the accuracy of enterprise decision-making. Under the general trend of the digital economy, digital transformation has also played an important role in promoting the high-quality development of China’s foreign trade. However, the existing literature pays less attention to the impact of digital transformation on enterprises’ internationalization strategy, which provides space for this paper’s research. This paper takes A-share listed companies in China from 2014 to 2021 as a sample and empirically tests the impact of digital transformation on international operations. It is found that digital transformation can promote the internationalization of enterprises, and the higher the digital transformation the higher the degree of digital transformation and the higher the probability and degree of international operation. This conclusion is still valid under the conditions of controlling endogenous factors, lagging factors, sample factors, and different methodological tests. The digital transformation of “the application of underlying technology” and the digital transformation of cloud computing and big data technology applications have a greater impact on the international operation of enterprises. Technological innovation is the influence mechanism of digital transformation on international operations, and it produces a partial intermediary effect. The heterogeneity test shows that the influence of digital transformation on international operations is more obvious in non-state-owned enterprises, non-high-tech enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises. Compared with the existing literature, the marginal contributions of this paper are as follows. Firstly, this paper expands the research perspective on the economic consequences of digital transformation of enterprises. The existing research on the economic consequences of digital transformation of enterprises focuses on enterprise performance, division of labor, enterprise innovation, etc., and rarely extends the research perspective to international operation, an enterprise’s export-oriented strategy. Compared with the existing literature, this paper discusses the impact of digital transformation on enterprises’ internationalization strategy from the perspective of international operation, which is a useful supplement to the existing research on the economic consequences of digital transformation. Secondly, this paper discusses the differences in the influence of different digital technologies on enterprise decision-making. The existing research on digital transformation of enterprises does not distinguish the differential impact of digital technology. However, in the process of the impact of digital transformation on international operation, the application of big data, cloud computing technology, and digital technology can effectively improve the information processing ability of enterprises, help enterprises to obtain more overseas market information at lower cost, and be more conducive to expanding overseas markets. Therefore, this paper provides empirical evidence of the impact of different digital technologies on the international operation of enterprises, which is conducive to more clearly defining the impact differences of different technical means in the process of digital transformation. Thirdly, this study has strong practical significance. International operations to open up overseas markets to gain more market share can not only change the nature of the competitive advantage of enterprises, but also expand the boundaries of enterprise growth. Moreover, digital transformation is also profoundly affecting enterprise development and reshaping enterprise resources and capabilities. This paper provides empirical evidence of the impact of digital transformation on international operations, especially the impact of digital transformation in different scenes and with different technologies on international operations. This study not only expands the research on the economic consequences of digital transformation, but also provides sufficient evidence support for further understanding the digital transformation of enterprises in China and helping China enterprises make decisions on digitalization and internationalization.