Promoting the development of agricultural socialized services is an important way to improve the basic rural management system, and also an inevitable choice to realize the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development. How to promote the development of agricultural socialized services in China in the new era is a key issue worthy of attention. Therefore, it is necessary to sort out and summarize the existing literature related to agricultural socialized services to provide inspiration and reference for deepening the research in this field. This paper focuses on domestic research achievements, clarifies the development process of research on the basis of defining the concept of agricultural socialized services, and summarizes the research achievements from five aspects: (1) practical needs, policy requirements, market role are important driving forces to promote the development of agricultural socialized services; (2) influenced by factors such as differences in resource endowments, diversified development models of agricultural socialized services have been formed in the process of exploration; (3) agricultural socialized services have played an important role in improving agricultural production efficiency, reducing pesticide and fertilizer input, promoting the appropriate scale of land management, and promoting the increase of grain production and farmers’ income; (4) China’s agricultural socialized services still face problems such as imbalance between supply and demand, insufficient service capacity, and unclear positioning of service objects; (5) the demand of agricultural socialized services are affected by factors such as farmers’ personal and family characteristics, information sources, risk preferences, relative prices of factors, and land resource conditions. Chinese scholars have carried out in-depth research on agricultural socialized services, but there is still some room for optimization in research methods, research content, and other aspects. In the future, it is necessary to attach importance to the foresight of theoretical research on agricultural socialized services, strengthen the analysis of the dynamic mechanism of agricultural socialized services, enhance the systematic summary of typical models of agricultural socialized services, expand the research methods and content of agricultural socialized services, and intensify the research on the applicability of agricultural socialized services and risk sharing of service organizations. This paper helps to clarify the current research status of agricultural socialized services, explore existing research gaps and future research directions with theoretical and practical significance, and further promote the better development of agricultural socialized services.