The import of intermediate goods can strengthen its own resources and technological advantages by using the high-quality resources and technology spillover effects of other countries, thereby promoting the quality of domestic export products and the status of the division of labor in the global value chain. The network characteristics (network intensification and network extension) of a country in the global intermediate goods import network will affect its position in the division of labor in the global value chain. The heterogeneity of the global intermediate import network brought about by regional economic integration makes the characteristics of a country’s regional intermediate import network have a significant impact on its position in the global value chain division of labor. Taking 41 countries along the Belt and Road from 2007 to 2017 as research samples, the network matrix of regional intermediate goods imports is constructed and the social network analysis is conducted. The results show that the global value chain division status of sample countries tends to rise on the whole, and the gap between countries tends to narrow. Besides, the connection and density of the regional import network of intermediate goods have been increased, and the network intensification and network extension of all countries also tend to increase in general. The improvement of the intensification and extension of the regional intermediate product import network of sample countries can significantly promote the improvement of their position in the global value chain division of labor. Technological progress has a moderating effect, and the improvement of the technological level of the importing countries will strengthen the influence of the characteristics of the import network of intermediate goods on the division of labor in the global value chain. The promotion effect of the intensification and extensibility of the import network of intermediate goods in the sample countries on the improvement of their global value chain division of labor is spatiotemporal heterogeneity. This effect is stronger after the Belt and Road Initiative is proposed than before, and more significant in countries along “the Road” than in countries along “the Belt”. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to further promote the construction of the “Belt and Road”, attract more economies to actively participate in, and promote the improvement of the division of labor in the global value chain of countries along the route through the optimization and upgrading of the overall network and the improvement of individual network characteristics. Meanwhile, it is necessary to further optimize the product structure and spatial distribution of intermediate goods trade, and accelerate the overall technological progress to strengthen and enhance the technological spillover effect of intermediate goods imports, thereby effectively improving the quality of export products and the division of labor in the global value chain.