Kalecki proposed the theory of economic growth under monopolistic competitive capitalism based on Marx's political economics. Based on the principle of effective demand, Kalecki’s economic growth theory specifically discussed the action of capitalist income distribution on the economic growth and the cause for economic periodic volatility. The Kaleckian school who inherited Kalecki’s ideas further emphasized that income distribution is the key determinant of aggregate demand, and Kaleckian growth model has become one of the standard paradigms of post-Keynesian economics to analyze growth and distribution problems. The ideas that “income distribution affects economic growth” and that the income distribution system should fit for economic growth system in Kalecki’s economic growth theory are of reference significance to enriching and developing socialist market economy theory with Chinese characteristics and are also of guiding significance to deepening economic system reform and improving income distribution system. Kaleckian economic growth model can be used to study contemporary China’s economic growth system but should be optimized based on economic practice. Only by continuously developing and applying to double-circulation new development pattern research, can Kalecki’s economic growth theory and model embody and play their contemporary value.