This paper provides a political and economic interpretation of the changes of Chinese rural organizations from the beginning of the founding of new China to the early 1960s, and explores the historical process of this section for the current promotion of rural revitalization strategy. Under the framework of this paper, the establishment and adjustment of the cooperative movement and the people's communes are regarded as the process of institutional change that is constantly interacting with the leading beliefs and reality and has its inherent logic. The traditional labor mutual aid thought, the socialist belief system and the role model of the Soviet Union, and the spirit of sacrifice from the war years together constitute the source of belief in the implementation of agricultural collectivization. This belief not only dominates the continuous upgrading of the agricultural cooperative movement and the development and adjustment of the people's commune system, but also continues to evolve under the counteraction of reality. Taking history as a guide, in implementing the rural revitalization strategy, we must fully consider the distribution mechanism of relevant beliefs and leading beliefs, must strive for stability, and pay full attention to the issue of interest distribution.