This paper based on the perspective of demand, constructed the theoretical influence mechanism of resources endowment and residents' cognition on the satisfaction of basic public service, and the influence mechanism of resources endowment on residents' cognition, and verified the influence mechanism path by the spot survey data of the Three Gorges region. The results show that from the point of basic public service elements, the urban and rural residents’ satisfaction with basic education and infrastructure is relatively high in the Three Gorges reservoir area, that their satisfaction is relatively lower with the social security, environmental protection and medical and healthcare, meanwhile, the residents' cognition of infrastructure and social security is relatively high and followed by basic education, and that the residents' cognition of environmental protection and medical and healthcare is relatively low. According to the structural equation model, residents' cognition has direct positive influence on the satisfaction with basic public service. The resource endowment has both direct negative influence and indirect positive influence on the satisfaction with basic public service. The resource endowment has direct positive influence on the subject cognition.