This paper is mainly devoted to examine the combined impact of the stock （effective road network density） and the flow （investment） of rural transportation infrastructure on rural residents' income, and analyzes the main mechanism that rural transportation infrastructure has the influence on rural residents' income from the two perspectives — the wage income and the household operating net income （they are two major components of rural residents' income）based on the summarized township level panel data of 11 provinces in western China from 2006 to 2014. The results show that the stock of transportation infrastructure has a certain significant positive effect on rural residents' per capita net income and its two major components, but the impact of the flow of transportation infrastructure on whole rural residents' income is not significant. From the perspective of different provinces, this paper finds the heterogeneity that the transportation infrastructure has an impact on rural residents' income. The income effects of each province are different because of their own development conditions and their dependence on transportation. Furthermore, the effect of the flow is still weaker than the stock, and the heterogeneity is more obvious. The existence of provincial heterogeneity indicates that the differences in the development of different provinces in the western China should not be ignored. In addition, the path to seek that the development of rural transportation infrastructure promotes the increase of rural residents' income should also be adapted to local conditions.