Marx's social structure theory provides a theoretical basis for the innovation exploration and reality shift of the main contradictions of Chinese society in the new era. This theory is a logical clue to probe into the main contradictions of Chinese society in the new era, which is mainly faced with the following dilemma: the contradiction between "man and society" leads to supply-side structural imbalance; economic and political cultural and social ecological development imbalance; the urban and rural areas, regions and the rich and the poor have caused the social livelihood and the problems of the class strata to be interwoven; the coordinated development of human beings and nature encounters the bottleneck; economic and social development momentum is not enough to make the transition unsteady. So we must insist on supply side structural reforms to improve the quality and efficiency of development, with a new concept of development promoting the coordinated development of the society in various fields, and always adhere to the value orientation of “people centered”, under the guidance of Marxist theory of social structure, we should gradually break the inadequate and unbalanced development problem, and satisfy the people yearning for a better life with maximum scope.