The development of Chinese socialist agriculture has realized the first leap forward from People’s Commune system to family contracted land system, but still needs the second leap forward from family production to scale production and collective economy. Based on Marxism materialism philosophy, this paper examines the two paths of social economic pattern evolution, and proposes that production relation fitting for the development of productivity is the theoretical basis for the first leap forward of China’s socialist agriculture, which embodies the first path for socialist economic pattern evolution. However, the theoretical basis for the second leap forward of China’s socialist agriculture is to use production relation reform to lead production method evolution and productivity level rise, which embodies the second path of social economic pattern evolution. Based on spot survey on Xiaogang Village of Anhui Province and Tangyue Village of Guizhou Province, this paper advances that the reform of China’s rural land system and management system can clarify the development direction of land share cooperation system by changing the “empty” status of rural land collective ownership and by restoring and enhancing the gain function of collective land ownership. On the basis of that, three kinds of concrete forms of rural land system are separately designed, one is to lead agricultural specific cooperative to develop big and medium-sized rural land share cooperative, the second is to guide big planting farmers and family alliance farmland to develop medium-sized and small rural land share cooperative, and the third is to guide “farmer family + company” mode to develop rural land share company.