This article analyses the historical and current situations of Chinese crop rotation and fallow based on documentary and comparison methods, discusses the realistic background of the implementation of land fallow and crop rotation policy, and puts forward some thoughts on constructing the system of crop rotation and fallow. The results are as follows: (1)Chinese cropping system has evolved from systems of long-term rotation and abandonment, short-term rotation and abandonment, fallowing in one year one cropping system and multiple cropping system. (2) At present, the multiple cropping system makes the cultivated land capacity seriously overdrawn, and the health of the cultivated land is worrying. (3) We can learn experience from the traditional fallow rotation mode, however it is not a simple copy. (4) It is necessary to consider the policy environment at home and abroad comprehensively, and improve it in regional operation mode, technical path and spatio-temporal collocation.