In recent years, the income structure of Chinese peasants changes significantly and is mainly embodied in the continuous decline of agricultural income ratio and the rising of non-agricultural income. Based on the related data of 30 provinces and municipalities of China during 2000—2011, the analysis shows that generally there is a negative relation between average education years of the peasants and family business income, that there is a positive relation between their education years and their wage income and asset income, that the lower their cultural degree is, the stronger their dependency is, however, the peasants with senior high school education has obviously exclusive tendency on their family business income while the influence of the peasants with the education lower than junior high school on their wage income is not significant, but the influence of the peasants with senior high school education on their wage income is obviously positive. Therefore, wage income will replace family business income and become the main income of Chinese peasants, however, the education degree of the peasants must be promoted if their wage income needs to be increased.