The rural left-behind old people who and whose next generation have become urban residents but who still work and live in the countryside, which is a special phenomenon of Chongqing’s household register system reform. The rural left-behind old people are “urban residents” who live in the countryside, their household register change does not bring real change to their life, and their economic situation, living condition, health condition and recreation condition are not optimistic. The rural left-behind old people work and live in the countryside in order to retain their “root” of land, their household register has become urban residents but they still work and live in the countryside because they try to continuously maintain “their land” and “land wealth” is the key to the problem of the rural left-behind old people. Thus, Chongqing must perform market-oriented land reform and ensure the peasants to own land wealth so that the rural left-behind people can be guided to move away from the predicament and the great change of the peasants to urban residents and to live in the cities can be realized.