The construction of the Belt and Road promotes the trade development of China to the countries along the Road. This paper studies the growth factors about the top ten products which China export to 33 Countries along the Maritime Silk Route from 2001 to 2015 by using a constant market share model from the navigation section (Southeast Asia section, South Asia and the Persian Gulf section, Red Sea and Indian Ocean west bank section) and from different phases (before and after international financial crisis). The analysis shows that in the process of continuous enlargement of export scale, export structure has big change, product competence effect takes main position but its contribution degree is dropping, that the promoting effect of market demand is weak but has enhancing trend, however, commodity structure effect restricts the export but its role is weak. The goods structural effect caused by the dislocation between export supply and import demand is low and has a negative impact on export growth. China should cultivate the comprehensive competitive advantage of export products while actively fit for the change of market demand, optimize the structure of export products, boost the economic development of the countries along the Road and improve the convenient level of the trade.