The proposition of China's modern eco-economic system has profound theoretical premises, whose systematic construction can be divided into such five stages as the budding stage, the preparation stage, the sustainable development stage, the fully promoting stage and the deeply promoting stage. China's modern ecological economic system is different from the green economic system, low-carbon economic system, circular economic system and traditional ecological economic system, is centered by the goal of development of the system of the good ecological environment well-being shared by the whole people, is contained by the main contents of industrial ecology and ecological industrialization, is operated by the carrier of the life community of “landscape, forest, field, lake and grass”, and is institutionally guaranteed by the system of socialist ecological civilization. The system has the five characteristics such as the whole industry of innovation and integration, the whole space of green and civilization, the whole field of coordination and competition, the whole process of opening and reciprocity, the whole elements of sharing and association. The system includes three kinds of operation relations such as the interdependence of economy and ecology, the internal circulation of material, energy, information and value elements, and the mutual promotion of industrial ecology and ecological industrialization. In the future, the study of the system should set up a standardized academic discourse system, devote to the construction of China's theory, the interpretation of China's practice and the telling of Chinese stories.