Taketori Monogatari, as the originator of Japanese monogatari literature, possesses significant literary value and has been a focal point of academic research both domestically and internationally. In studies examining the influence of the Yin-Yang and Five Elements theory on this work, Japanese scholars have proposed the Bagua Theory and the Five Materials Theory, while Chinese scholars have barely touched upon related research. Based on this, this article first points out that Taketori Monogatari was written in the context of the prevalence of Yin-Yang culture during the Heian period. It then elaborates and proposes how the birth, incarnation, and character relationships of the protagonist, Kaguya-hime, in the story reflect the Yin-Yang and Five Elements theory. Furthermore, based on the Five Materials Theory proposed by Japanese scholars regarding the five marriage proposal stories, this article introduces the Five Virtues Theory.